On Thursday night, I braved some of the worst parking in San Francisco to hear Nathan Winograd speak to a packed house.
It was the latest stop on his nationwide book tour for "Redemption: The Myth of Pet Overpopulation and the No Kill Revolution in America." He only has two dates left, and you'd think that by now he'd be running out of steam. You'd be wrong.
This is what would have been a liveblog of the event if I'd had internet access during the presentation. Since I had time to polish it up, you'll get to skip all the usual typos, but I still hope those who aren't able to see him will get a feeling of what it was like to be there. I'm covering the material that was in "Redemption" more lightly than the material that was new to me, so as always, I strongly encourage anyone interested in these issues to read the book.
Standing in front of a screen that read "Reclaiming Our Movement," Nathan Winograd told an enthusiastic audience how he became involved in caring for the feral cats on the Stanford University campus when he was a law student. When the university announced it was hiring a professional exterminator service to have the cats trapped and killed, Winograd and other students, staff, and faculty banded together to find a different solution. They turned first to the local humane society, which handled animal control for the area. Their solution? Trap the cats, bring them to us, and we'll kill them for you.
The cat advocates had expected something more from a group with the word "humane" in the title, but they perservered. They turned to the nation's largest and wealthiest humane organization, the Humane Society of the United States. Their solution?
Amazingly, exactly the same as the first two: Trap 'em and kill 'em.
That little group of Stanford cat lovers found another way, and today the Stanford Cat Network is a model for responsible management of feral cat populations. But why, asked Winograd of his rapt audience, didn't any of those "humane" groups think saving the lives of those animals was the right thing to do -- or even any kind of option at all? What went wrong with the modern humane movement? How did this happen?
To answer the question, he took the audience back 150 years to the founding of the country's first animal protection organization, the American Society for the Prevention to Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). Its founder, Henry Bergh, is Winograd's hero; when I interviewed him, he told me that one of the goals of his book was to "to resurrect Henry Bergh from obscurity."
After outlining the early years of the humane movement, he recapped another story familiar from "Redemption": the evolution of most humane societies into animal control agencies, a function that Bergh believed would mean the destruction of the movement, a view Winograd obviously agrees with.
The animal welfare mission, he said, is to protect animals, while the animal control mission is to protect people. For animal welfare groups to take on the task of animal control is a hopeless conflict of interest, creating an inescapably adversarial relationship between animal shelters and the animals for whom they are supposed to be a safety net, and their owners. "In the 21st century, we're living with a 19th century sheltering model," he said sadly.
It's a model that hurts animals, communities, and shelter workers. Shelter directors were asking how to make killing more efficient, more humane, and less stressful for shelter workers, but never how to stop the killing.
In 1974, animal welfare groups including HSUS, the American Humane Association (AHA), the ASPCA, and the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) met in Chicago to investigate the cause of surplus cats and dogs in American shelters. Who, they asked, is to blame?
First, Winograd said, were the animals themselves. They were "to blame" for not being adoptable enough, with shelters estimating that only around 40 percent of the animals entering their doors were adoptable. They had a moral obligation to kill the other 60 percent.
The next group to get blamed were, of course, pet owners, and the answer to pet owner irresponsibility was more laws. Leash laws, limit laws, mandatory spay/neuter proposals, prohibitions against feeding strays, animal seizures allowed by animal control officers, and increased licensing fees exploded across the country after 7000 copies of the conference proceedings were distributed to shelters nationwide. "Shelters became adversaries of the public, often the most compassionate members of the public."
As a consequence, shelters that were complaining they didn't have the money to implement lifesaving programs like low-cost spay/neuter clinics or care for the animals inside their walls were diverting more resources to bringing in more animals, thus driving their kill rates even higher.
Why this focus on legislation, he asked, when all the most successful communities in the country did it without laws? "When was the last time a mandatory spay/neuter law led to a 50 or 75 percent decline in kill rates? Never."
Legislation was just the first part of the three-part program for dealing with the animal problem. The second was humane education, which Winograd described as diverting yet more resources by sending staff into classrooms in the hopes that the next generation would be more responsible than this one. "Does it work? Do the kids grow up and spay/neuter at greater rates? Do they keep their pets longer? No study shows that they do," he said.
The third part of the plan is sterilization, which is something, he said, everyone can agree on. The problem is, low-cost sterilization was opposed by most groups in the humane movement, because the AVMA perceived it as a threat to veterinarians. But is it?
In 1971, Los Angeles started Mercy Crusade, the first municipally-funded spay/neuter clinic. In its first decade of operation, LA shelters took in 50 percent fewer animals, and found that every dollar spent on spay/neuter saved $10. Their kill rate was in the lowest third in the country, with no loss of business to local veterinarians, because only the poorest people, who wouldn't have gone to the vet anyway, were using the clinic. Eighty-seven percent of all surgeries were still being done by private vets.
But then LA closed the clinics (by that time, there were three), and replaced them with some of the country's most draconian animal control laws. "To this day, tens of thousands of dogs and cats are needlessly losing their lives," Winograd concluded.
He then moved his story north, to San Francisco, where in the 1980s began what he called the "Experiment in Compassion." This story, too, will be familiar to readers of "Redemption," and it's familiar to me because I lived through it. It's the story of how Richard Avanzino and the San Francisco SPCA decided to give back their animal control contract and instead build a system of safety nets and programs designed to turn the city -- not that one shelter, but the entire city -- into a No-Kill area for dogs and cats. All dogs and cats, not just the healthy, cute, and cuddly.
The SF SPCA was the innovator of many programs that are in wide use today. They included:
- Offsite adoptions
- Foster care
- Behavior advice
- Feral cat trap/neuter/release, citywide
- socialization and training in the shelter
- pediatric spay/neuter
- low cost spay/neuter, which became free spay/neuter, which became "paid" spay/neuter when they started the "Greenback for Gonads" campaign (which Winograd, who was at the time Director of Operations for the shelter, had wanted to call "Bucks for Balls")
Did it work? Intakes were cut in half. Deaths of healthy animals fell to a trickle. From 1993 to 2000, feral cat deaths declined by 73 percent, even while they were increasing elsewhere. Kitten deaths went down 81 percent. Dog deaths went down 66 percent. And the number of healthy dogs and cats killed in San Francisco? Zero.
Of course, he said, shelters and cities everywhere immediately flocked to San Francisco to find out how we did it, and to see what they could do to get the same results. Right?
Not exactly. All over the country, shelter staff rejected the San Francisco experience, calling it a matter of "smoke and mirrors." The city was too wealthy (even though the SPCA, which did animal control for the city at the time, was 90 days from bankruptcy when Avanzino took it over; the shelter's financial success was not the cause but the result of its new approach, said Winograd). The city was too liberal, too urban, even, said Roger Caras of the ASPCA, "too gay," for its success to be duplicated anywhere else.
"Rather than coming to San Francisco to learn about the cure to the epidemic of killing, they insisted San Francisco was unique," Winograd said. "It was like no kill had never been achieved, as if the key had not been discovered."
The key is what he calls the "
No Kill Equation":
- Feral Cat TNR Program
- High-Volume, Low-Cost Spay/Neuter
- Rescue Groups
- Foster Care
- Comprehensive Adoption Programs
- Pet Retention
- Medical and Behavior Rehabilitation
- Public Relations/Community Involvement
- Volunteers
- A Compassionate Director
He tested this equation in a community on the opposite end of the country from San Francisco, Tompkins County, New York, where he proved that no kill could work in a rural shelter. He showed a slide presentation, with music, of the many animals (including blind, old, sick, and otherwise "unadoptable" pets) who found loving homes due to innovative advertising and outreach programs at the shelter.
When that experience was shrugged off because, despite its rural setting, Tompkins Country was still "too liberal" and "too Northern," the equation was shown to work in
Charlottesville, Virginia, as well as ultra-conservative
Ivins City, Utah. When it was said it couldn't work in rapidly growing areas, it worked in
Reno, Nevada, the fastest growing area in one of the fastest growing states in the country.
The most important factor in making the No Kill Equation work? "A passionate director who doesn't believe there are too many animals and not enough homes," he said. "Contrary to conventional wisdom, we
can adopt our way to no-kill."
Is the public to blame for shelter deaths? Giving to animal charities is the segment of philanthropy expanding the most rapidly right now. Catering to pet owners is the fastest growing segment of the travel industry. "In communities with no kill, it is the public who has made the difference," he said.
He also said that just because he calls pet overpopulation a myth doesn't mean "we can all go home." And just because he says people aren't the problem doesn't mean there aren't irresponsible pet owners out there; there are. He then told a long and very funny story about someone who wrote into Dear Abby about her relationship with a guy who was cheating on her, who had cheated with her on his former wife, who was herself involved with two men, all in the same neighborhood. She was asking for advice on what to do with this guy, who was, by the way, about to be sent back to prison, and oh yeah, his two kids, who were starting to get into trouble on their own.
"What does this have to do with animals in shelters?" he asked. "If you're waiting to make these people into responsible pet owners, it's never going to happen. There will always be irresponsible pet owners. You can't change that. The shelters are supposed to be the safety net for their animals. Instead, they're killing them to make a point about what bad people their owners are.
"At the end of the day, it's up to the shelter if the animals of these people live or die. It's as simple as that."
Winograd became particularly impassioned as his 90-minute talk drew to its end. The room was stiflingly hot, but everyone was still completely focused on what he was saying.
"While it is people who surrender animals to shelters, it's the shelters who kill them. Most dogs and cats die in shelters for one reason: Failure. While shelters decry public irresponsibility, they refuse to take responsibility for the fate of animals in their care. They say people are treating animals like they are disposable, but they're the ones who are disposing of animals in body bags.
"You cannot achieve a new goal -- no-kill -- with old methods that have never worked."
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